Summary
Michael Frede: Free will
The origin of the term in ancient thought In 1997-1998. Michael Frede gave six lectures on free will at Berkly (California), which were later translated into the book "In a minute interpretation" which relies on the classical texts of Plato, Aristotle, the works of the Greek and Roman Stoics, then Plotinus and the early Christian philosophers Origen and Saint Augustine, Frede simultaneously polemicizes with influential contemporary works on the concept of will, showing that (as is known), the devil hides in the details and shades. The concept of will begins to form in Greek Stoicism, at the moment when the polis falls into crisis and when the way of life celebrated by Plato, Aristotle and the Greek tragedians changes. Our freedom to make choices suddenly becomes complicated, the Stoics establish that there is an inner (non-political) life, and the philosophers discover that behind the mere will there is a more fundamental structure that is neither entirely rational nor entirely irrational, but it is free. It's a will. It is Augustine who appears as a key figure in the theory of will, but Frede will notice that, despite certain new insights, this great thinker still remains a prisoner of theological perspectives in which the supreme mover is divine, not human, will. The will will have to endure another thousand years so that, with the modern age, freed from God's shadow, it will finally become free.
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