Summary
Kojin Karatani: The Structure of World History
From Modes of Production to Modes of Exchange
This book is an attempt to rethink the history of social formations, but from the perspective of modes of exchange. Until now, in Marxism, this has been undertaken from the perspective of the mode of production – from the perspective of who owns the means of production. The methods of production were considered the "economic base", and the political, religious and cultural ones were considered the ideological superstructure. Marxists believed that ideological superstructures such as the state or nation would die naturally when the capitalist economy was abolished, but reality failed their expectations and they failed in their attempts to deal with the state and nation. Monumental and provocative, Kojin Karatani's synthesis testifies to the dramatic rebirth of universal history; it does so by uniting traditions – economics, politics, social imagination – that are increasingly proving fruitless if developed separately. His reading of the Marxian modes of production (Marx's theory of universal history) as the history of modes of exchange is heretical and revisionist. Instead of countless debates about globalization, his discussion of nation and world empire offers a transformative or revolutionary framework. And finally, Karatani's practical and theoretical experience of cooperation opens up political perspectives that give ideas and strength at a time when left-wing politics seems to have run out of breath everywhere. —Fredric Jameson
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