Summary
Ishay Landa: Fascism and the Masses
Emphasizing the "mass" character of interwar European fascism has long become commonplace. For many years, many critics have interpreted fascism as a phenomenon of mass society, perhaps the ultimate expression of mass politics. This study deconstructs that common perception. It claims that connecting fascism with the masses represents a significant redefinition of a movement that perceived and expressed itself as an aggressive rejection of the ideals of mass politics, including mass society and mass culture in a broader sense. According to her, therefore, fascism did not "massify" society, but was the culmination of a long-term effort by the elite and the middle class to "demassize" it. The ever-threatening mass—considered plebeian and unruly—had to be forced into submission and replaced by supposedly superior collective entities such as the nation, race, or people. Focusing on Italian fascism and German National Socialism, but also considering other fascist movements and individuals in Europe between the two wars, this book insightfully shows that fascism is best understood as a frantic resistance to what Elias referred to as the "civilizing process" and what Marx called the "social individual." Fascism was, above all, a rebellion against - in Nietzsche's words - peaceful, average and egalitarian "last men".
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